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Regional Organizations (ROs) have become a central pillar of governance beyond the nation-state. This paper investigates why European states turned into architects of regional regime complexity: they have created and joined numero...
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Regional Organizations (ROs) have become a central pillar of governance beyond the nation-state. This paper investigates why European states turned into architects of regional regime complexity: they have created and joined numerous different ROs and equipped them with a broad range of different policy competencies. Thereby, European states - some more than others - have increasingly duplicated identical policy competencies in multiple ROs. The phenomenon is puzzling as it is potentially costly and might undermine the effectiveness of regional cooperation especially if incompatible regional rules trigger non-compliance. Therefore, we ask why states differ in the extent to which they cover identical competencies in different ROs. Drawing on a unique dataset and analyzing cross-sectional temporal variation, we show that both indirect factors, such as late accessions and the number of states in Europe, as well as direct factors, such as state power and democracy, drive regional regime complexity.
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Overlapping regionalism results from the fact that states are members in multiple regional organisations (ROs) at the same time. This explorative article provides the first comprehensive mapping of overlapping regionalism today an...
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Overlapping regionalism results from the fact that states are members in multiple regional organisations (ROs) at the same time. This explorative article provides the first comprehensive mapping of overlapping regionalism today and illustrates that it is not only confined to Africa or Asia, but also prevalent in the Americas and Europe. Furthermore, more than 60 ROs that are currently in place have overlaps to one another, but some share more member states and policy competencies than others. Since overlapping regionalism can have negative implications for the effectiveness of individual regional integration projects, due to the possibility or rule and action conflicts, this article not only maps the conflict potential, but also examines why overlapping regionalism varies between RO dyads. It shows that overlapping regionalism can be driven by opportunities and incentives. While there are global pattern, such as the finding that RO dyads have greater overlaps the longer they have coexisted, some regional particularities exist as well.
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The limited battery power supply system makes energy efficiency a major concern in WSNs. An effective method is to organize the sensors into clusters to avoid redundancy and long-distance data transmission in the network. In tradi...
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The limited battery power supply system makes energy efficiency a major concern in WSNs. An effective method is to organize the sensors into clusters to avoid redundancy and long-distance data transmission in the network. In traditional clustering methods, the cluster heads not only serve as leaders to collect the coming data from their cluster members but also play the roles of relay nodes to transmit the aggregated data to the sink node simultaneously, such that CHs consume much more energy than ordinary nodes. From the perspective of energy balancing, it is better to select the different nodes as CHs and relay nodes. In this paper, an energy-efficient overlapping clustering protocol is proposed, which assigns the boundary nodes in the overlapping area to relay the aggregated data to the sink node. Thereby the relay nodes are uniformly distributed near the CHs. Comparisons with LEACH and SEECH protocols show that the proposed protocol achieves better performance in terms of lifetime and load-balancing.
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The proliferation of international and regional organisations in the last decades led to increasing overlap of memberships and mandates in social policy areas. Whereas the literature has explored the benefits and perils of institu...
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The proliferation of international and regional organisations in the last decades led to increasing overlap of memberships and mandates in social policy areas. Whereas the literature has explored the benefits and perils of institutional overlap though neglecting the social policy dimension of such processes, studies on regionalism have focused on single cases of regional organisations. This paper breaks new ground by examining the effects of the overlap in membership, health mandates and institutional mechanisms between the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) and the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) between 2008 and 2018. It focuses on two cases of access to medicines: the creation of the medicine price bank and the price negotiation of high-cost medicines. Our argument is that the overlap was positive, leading to an incipient trend towards cooperation. This was facilitated by the membership structure, the expertise already accumulated in the region and the relations and networks among those involved in health regional cooperation. Overall, the article deepens our understanding of the conditions under which regional organisations, even in the context of institutional overlap, can contribute to adequately respond to transnational challenges, which, as global health, are not only persistent, but also profoundly affect our societies.
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There are situations where it is not possible to capture large documents with the given imaging media such as scanners or copying machines in a single stretch because of their inherent limitations. This results in capture of a lar...
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There are situations where it is not possible to capture large documents with the given imaging media such as scanners or copying machines in a single stretch because of their inherent limitations. This results in capture of a large document in terms of split components of a document image. Hence, the need is to mosaic the split components into the original and put together the document image. In this paper, we present a novel and simple approach to mosaic two split images of a large document based on pixel value matching. The method compares the values of pixels in the column's of split images to identify the common or overlapping region (OR) in them, which helps in mosaicing of split images of a large document.
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There are situations where it is not possible to capture a large document with a given imaging media such as Scanner and Xerox machine in a single stretch because of their inherent limitations. This result in capturing a large doc...
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There are situations where it is not possible to capture a large document with a given imaging media such as Scanner and Xerox machine in a single stretch because of their inherent limitations. This result in capturing a large document in terms of split components of an image. Hence, the need is to mosaic the split components into a large document image. In this paper, we present a new and simple approach to mosaic the two split images of a large document based on matching sum of values of pixels of window in the split images. The method compares the sum of values of pixels of window in split images to identify Overlapping Region (OLR) in the split images. The OLR, a region in common, helps in mosaicing of two split images of large document. However, a small OLR is assumed to be available at the end of split images of a large document. In addition to this, the OLR in the split images depends on the size of the window. Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed method is satisfactorily.
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Transects consisting of multiple, connected segments with a prescribed configuration are commonly used in ecological applications of line intersect sampling. The transect configuration has implications for the probability with whi...
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Transects consisting of multiple, connected segments with a prescribed configuration are commonly used in ecological applications of line intersect sampling. The transect configuration has implications for the probability with which population elements are selected and for how the selection probabilities can be modified by the boundary of the tract being sampled. As such, the transect configuration also affects the performance of methods designed to eliminate edge-effect bias. We show that the reflection method solves the edge-problem for designs that use symmetric radial transects (e.g., straight-line and X-shaped transects centered at the sample point). This method also applies to designs that use asymmetric radial transects, provided the orientation is selected uniformly at random. Asymmetric radial transects include straight lines emanating from the sample point, and L- and Y-shaped transects. The reflection method does not apply to designs where polygonal transects (e.g., triangular, square, and hexagonal transects) are used, or where the orientations of asymmetric radial transects are fixed. We provide a new method that eliminates edge-effect bias for designs that use asymmetric radial transects with fixed orientation, but a workable solution for polygonal transects remains elusive.
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Stencil computations constitute the kernel of many scientific applications. Tiling is often used to improve the performance of stencil codes for data locality and parallelism. However, tiled stencil codes typically require shadow ...
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Stencil computations constitute the kernel of many scientific applications. Tiling is often used to improve the performance of stencil codes for data locality and parallelism. However, tiled stencil codes typically require shadow regions, whose management becomes a burden to programmers. In fact, it is often the case that the code required to manage these regions, and in particular their updates, is much longer than the computational kernel of the stencil. As a result, shadow regions usually impact programmers' productivity negatively. In this paper, we describe overlapped tiling, a construct that supports shadow regions in a convenient, flexible and efficient manner in the context of the hierarchically tiled array (HTA) data type. The HTA is a class designed to express algorithms with a high degree of parallelism and/or locality as naturally as possible in terms of tiles. We discuss the syntax and implementation of overlapped HTAs as well as our experience in rewriting parallel and sequential codes using them. The results have been satisfactory in terms of both productivity and performance. For example, overlapped HTAs reduced the number of communication statements in non- trivial codes by 78% on average while speeding them up. We also examine different implementation options and compare overlapped HTAs with previous approaches.
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A laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) device enables the realization of a wide range of application
voltages by varying impurity concentration and the length of the lightly doped drain contact region. However, th...
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A laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) device enables the realization of a wide range of application
voltages by varying impurity concentration and the length of the lightly doped drain contact region. However, this resistive
contact reg
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Problem statement: Multiple cameras are employed for surveillance of larger environment. In such a case there is a need to maintain overlap in the adjacent cameras for correct object registration. Overlap may get disturbed by natu...
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Problem statement: Multiple cameras are employed for surveillance of larger environment. In such a case there is a need to maintain overlap in the adjacent cameras for correct object registration. Overlap may get disturbed by natural or manual factors. This study proposed an automatic camera pan correction by determining the area of overlap from multi-view images. Approach: A closed loop system which used feature extraction using SIFT, feature matching using descriptor ratio method and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) over Gaussian scale space, followed by overlap estimation is implemented for restoring the camera position. Results: The proposed method was experimented with the datasets acquired in the environment where surveillance involves two cameras. The matched points of the two images were used to calculate the overlap percentage. The overlap percentage estimated by the surveillance server was communicated to the pan controller to re-orient the camera to its original position. Conclusion: The proposed algorithm identified the robust and distinctive features that are invariant to translation, rotation and scaling. These features help in the accurate estimation of overlap percentage, which is further used to automatically correct the pan of the camera.
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